Abstract

Administrative reviews and criminal investigations concerning Turkish citizenship acquired through investment in 2025 and 2026 have raised an important legal question: Can a foreign investor who genuinely purchased real estate, transferred the purchase price through the banking system, obtained title to the property, relied upon an official valuation report and did not participate in any fraudulent activity subsequently lose Turkish citizenship?

The question cannot be answered through a single universal rule.

Under Turkish law, cancellation of a citizenship acquisition decision because of false declarations or concealment of material facts by the individual is legally distinct from withdrawal of a citizenship decision where the statutory requirements for acquisition were not actually satisfied.

The distinction between Articles 31 and 40 of Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 is particularly important for genuine and good-faith investors.

The fact that an investor genuinely transferred the purchase price does not necessarily establish that the property met the required statutory investment value at the relevant time.

Conversely, an error in a valuation report does not automatically establish that the property’s actual historical value fell below the investment threshold or that the investor knew about the error.

Accordingly, the evaluation of a citizenship file should address actual financial transfers, the legal requirements applicable on the investment date, the property’s historical value, the technical reliability of valuation reports, the investor’s knowledge and conduct, and the administration’s earlier examination of the investment.

This study considers the evidentiary significance of bank statements, retrospective real estate valuation, independent expert opinions, preservation of evidence under Articles 400–403 of Civil Procedure Code No. 6100, the interaction between criminal investigations and administrative decisions, and judicial protection against citizenship cancellation or withdrawal.

The analysis reflects the legislation, academic research and publicly available legal materials examined as of October 22, 2026.

I. Why Are Genuine Foreign Investors Facing Citizenship Revocation Risks in 2026?

Citizenship files involving foreigners who acquired Turkish nationality through real estate investment have become the subject of renewed administrative examinations and criminal investigations.

Publicly reported investigations concern whether the required property purchase prices were genuinely paid, whether foreign-currency funds actually entered Türkiye, whether appraisal reports accurately reflected market values and whether certain real estate transactions were fictitious.

According to the Ministry of Interior’s publicly reported statement of September 21, 2026, decisions concerning 5,391 individuals were associated with cancellation of citizenship acquisition decisions and 743 individuals with withdrawal measures, producing a reported total of 6,134 individuals including family members.

A further investigation announced on the same date concerned 1,070 individuals comprising 263 principal investors and 807 family members.

However, being identified within the scope of the investigation involving 1,070 people must be distinguished from the issuance of a final individual administrative decision cancelling the citizenship of every person concerned.

The factual and procedural circumstances of each individual must be examined separately.

Two foreign investors who purchased apartments from the same developer may occupy materially different legal positions.

The amount actually paid, source of funds, property’s real value, arrangements with the seller, banking evidence and the investor’s knowledge of any irregularities may differ significantly.

The existence of a broad investigation does not establish that all purchasers must necessarily be subjected to identical administrative or criminal consequences.

For the general developments and official figures, see our earlier study The Turkish Citizenship Investigation Concerning 1,070 Individuals in 2026.

II. A Genuine Investment Is Not Necessarily a Legally Sufficient Investment

One of the most common conceptual mistakes in citizenship-by-investment disputes is treating evidence of a genuine payment as equivalent to proof that all statutory investment requirements were satisfied.

Consider a foreign investor who actually transferred USD 400,000 through the banking system, paid the seller, obtained registered ownership of an apartment and received no refund.

These circumstances provide significant evidence of a genuine financial transaction.

Nevertheless, a separate question may arise concerning whether the property had the legally required market value at the relevant acquisition date and whether all other statutory requirements were satisfied.

The opposite situation is also possible.

A property may have possessed a historical market value exceeding the applicable minimum investment threshold, but the investor may nevertheless have failed to fulfil a separate mandatory banking, documentation or procedural requirement.

Accordingly, three questions must be distinguished:

1. Was the property sale a genuine economic and legal transaction?
2. Did the investment satisfy the objective statutory requirements applicable at the relevant date?
3. Did the investor personally engage in any legally relevant misrepresentation, concealment or fraudulent conduct?

The answers to these questions may differ.

An administrative authority should not automatically equate an investment shortfall with criminal fraud. Equally, evidence of genuine payment should not be treated as automatically resolving all requirements under citizenship legislation.

This distinction is essential to a properly individualised legal assessment.

III. Article 31 of Turkish Citizenship Law: False Declarations and Concealment of Material Facts

Article 31 of Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 regulates cancellation of a decision granting Turkish citizenship where citizenship was acquired as a result of false declarations by the individual or concealment of material circumstances forming the basis of the acquisition.

The wording and purpose of this provision require examination of the individual’s conduct and its relationship with the naturalisation decision.

The mere identification of an irregularity in a transaction does not, by itself, resolve whether the requirements of Article 31 have been fulfilled.

For example, if investigators allege that a property valuation report was deliberately inflated by an appraisal professional, it may be necessary to determine whether the investor instructed that professional to alter the result, attempted to influence the valuation, knew the report was inaccurate or knowingly submitted false information.

The existence of an investigation concerning an appraisal company does not establish that every investor who relied upon one of its reports knew that the report was inaccurate.

Similarly, allegations that a property developer conducted fictitious financial transactions in other sales do not establish that a purchaser who genuinely paid the price participated in those arrangements.

In an Article 31 assessment, the investor’s declarations, knowledge, participation and other individual conduct must be examined through legally relevant evidence.

An incorrect appraisal and a knowingly false declaration by the investor are not legally interchangeable.

IV. Article 40: Withdrawal Where the Legal Conditions for Citizenship Were Absent

Article 40 establishes a different administrative mechanism.

Under this provision, decisions relating to the acquisition or loss of Turkish citizenship may be withdrawn where they were issued without the required legal conditions or as duplicate decisions.

The central question is whether the statutory conditions existed when the original citizenship acquisition decision was made.

An investor may have genuinely purchased the property, paid the complete contractual price, avoided the use of forged documents and participated in no fraudulent arrangement.

Nevertheless, an administrative dispute may arise if the authorities contend that the property’s actual historical value did not meet the investment threshold applicable at the time.

Consequently, reliance solely on the investor’s good faith may not be sufficient to address an Article 40 dispute.

The historical value of the investment and other objective statutory conditions may require documentary and technical proof.

However, Article 40 should not be interpreted as giving the administration unlimited power to terminate earlier citizenship decisions without identifying an adequate legal and factual basis.

The statutory requirements, material facts and legal reasoning underlying a withdrawal decision remain subject to judicial scrutiny.

In her 2026 academic article, Çiçek Özgür examines the distinction between cancellation and withdrawal in investment-based naturalisation, including questions concerning the legal basis for cancellation where the required investment is not maintained for the prescribed period.

See: Çiçek Özgür, “Yatırım Yoluyla Kazanılan Türk Vatandaşlığının İptali ve Geri Alınması,” Ankara University Faculty of Law Journal, 2026.

Our previous article also examines this distinction: Cancellation and Withdrawal of Turkish Citizenship Acquired Through Investment.

V. Was the Required Real Estate Investment USD 250,000 or USD 400,000?

When assessing historical citizenship acquisitions, one of the first requirements is to identify the legislation applicable on the date of the original transaction.

The minimum property investment threshold changed during the operation of Türkiye’s citizenship-by-investment framework.

This chronology has direct legal significance.

For example, a property acquired for citizenship purposes in 2020 cannot be considered insufficient merely because its value was below the USD 400,000 minimum introduced in 2022.

For the appropriate historical assessment, the property acquisition date, payment dates, applicable form of transaction, investment certificate and legal provisions governing the original application must be examined together.

The acquisition method may also matter. Requirements concerning completed sales, preliminary sale agreements, property categories, annotations in the land registry and other restrictions have changed over time.

Accordingly, the monetary threshold is not the only legal requirement.

Official source: General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre – Your Key Türkiye, Citizenship Acquisition.

VI. What Do Genuine Bank Transfers Prove in a Citizenship Investigation?

Banking records are among the most important forms of evidence in disputes involving citizenship through real estate investment.

For investors residing outside Türkiye, it is particularly important to reconstruct the entire financial sequence rather than relying solely on one payment receipt.

The investigation should examine the original source account, any intermediary banks, the recipient account in Türkiye, the applicable foreign-exchange transactions and the relationship between the payment and the registered property sale.

Relevant documents may include SWIFT transfer confirmations, certified account statements, bank transaction references, payment instructions, foreign-exchange purchase certificates and the seller’s financial records.

Consideration of those documents together may provide a reliable basis for evaluating whether the transaction was genuine.

6.1. A Single Receipt May Not Be Sufficient

A bank receipt demonstrates that a transaction was recorded, but may not explain every aspect of the underlying economic arrangement.

Investigators may examine whether the payment was subsequently refunded, transferred to an associated person or circulated through multiple accounts.

Accordingly, the financial records should, where possible and legally obtainable, demonstrate both the original transfer and relevant subsequent movements.

6.2. Genuine Payment and Circular Payments

An investor may have transferred USD 400,000 to the seller and never received any portion of the purchase price back.

By contrast, another transaction may have involved the apparent payment of the required amount followed by repayment through a concealed arrangement.

The legal and evidentiary positions of those investors are not identical.

However, even proof that no refund occurred does not automatically resolve a separate technical dispute over the property’s historical market value.

6.3. The Evidentiary Chain

The strongest assessment usually involves a coherent chronological chain: source of funds, bank transfer, receipt by the seller, contractual payment obligation, title deed transfer and subsequent financial records.

Where inconsistencies appear, they should be addressed through reliable primary documents rather than unsupported assumptions.

VII. If the Property Valuation Report Is Incorrect, Can the Genuine Investor Lose Citizenship?

An error in an appraisal report and proof that the property’s actual value was below the statutory investment threshold are different matters.

Suppose an original report indicated that the property was worth USD 450,000.

Several years later, a newly appointed expert retrospectively values the property at USD 370,000 on the original investment date.

The difference is significant, but the legal examination cannot properly end with the comparison of two figures.

The reports should be assessed according to their valuation methodologies, comparable sales, assumptions about the property’s characteristics and the economic conditions prevailing when the property was acquired.

In a different example, an original appraisal may show a value of USD 450,000 while a reliable retrospective appraisal determines a historical value of USD 415,000.

Although the original report may have overstated the property’s value, the later technical result would not, by itself, establish that the investment fell below a USD 400,000 threshold applicable to that transaction.

Therefore, the decisive question is not simply whether the initial valuation was inaccurate.

The essential question is whether the property actually satisfied the statutory value requirement at the legally relevant date.

Separately, the investor’s knowledge of any alleged misrepresentation must be examined where personal misconduct forms part of the applicable legal grounds.

VIII. How Should a Retrospective Real Estate Valuation Be Conducted?

Retrospective valuation in nationality litigation is not an ordinary search for current real estate prices.

It requires a reasoned reconstruction of the property’s characteristics and market conditions as they existed on the relevant historic date.

Suppose an apartment was purchased in 2021 and its historical value is examined in 2026.

Relying solely on property advertisements published in 2026 would generally be insufficient to establish the apartment’s value in 2021.

8.1. Physical and Technical Characteristics

A competent retrospective assessment may need to consider the property’s floor, orientation, location, construction quality, net and gross area, delivery condition, completion stage and available infrastructure at the time of acquisition.

In projects under construction, the completion stage may significantly affect value.

The value of a completed apartment should not automatically be treated as equivalent to its value when the project was at an earlier construction stage.

8.2. Comparable Property Transactions

Where reliable evidence is available, completed transactions involving comparable units within the same development or nearby projects may provide important reference points.

Comparable properties should be evaluated in light of their physical condition, floor, location, size, amenities, date of sale and transaction terms.

Advertised prices should not be automatically equated with actual completed sale prices.

8.3. Individual Units Versus Entire Land Parcels

A further technical problem may arise where an expert report determines the average value of an entire parcel or development rather than the value of the particular unit purchased by the investor.

For example, the average square-metre value of an undeveloped main parcel may differ materially from the value attributable to a specific apartment on the tenth floor of a building.

The use of general parcel-level calculations to estimate an individual unit’s historic value requires a reliable explanation of the adjustments made.

8.4. Exchange Rates and Property Price Indices

Historical exchange rates, inflation data and real estate price indices may provide supporting analytical information.

However, a general index does not necessarily establish the actual market value of a specific apartment on a particular historical date.

Its use should be supported by property-specific evidence and an appropriate valuation methodology.

8.5. Scientific and Technical Reliability

The valuation should clearly identify its effective date, available data, assumptions, limitations, selection of comparables, adjustments and reasoning.

A conclusion unsupported by a transparent methodology may be vulnerable to technical challenge.

IX. Can an Independent Technical Report Challenge an Official Expert Valuation?

Where a new expert report has been prepared during an administrative examination or criminal investigation, it may be possible to obtain an independent technical assessment.

However, a meaningful counter-expert report should do more than merely state a higher value.

It should identify the original report’s data sources, methodology, assumptions and technical conclusions, and explain why any particular findings are considered unreliable.

For example, relevant objections may concern inaccurate measurements, inappropriate comparable properties, incorrect assumptions about construction completion, the use of market data from the wrong period or failure to account for the characteristics of the individual unit.

Those objections should be supported by documents and verifiable technical reasoning.

9.1. The Importance of Objective Comparables

An independent valuation should not selectively rely only on transactions favourable to the investor.

A scientifically reliable assessment should consider both favourable and unfavourable market evidence and explain the significance of each comparable transaction.

9.2. Practical Legal Uses

An independent technical opinion may be relevant when preparing submissions to the administration, assessing evidence used by prosecutors, challenging an existing expert report or requesting further expert examination in judicial proceedings.

However, a privately commissioned report does not have the same procedural character as a report produced by an expert officially appointed by a court or prosecutor.

The final assessment of its evidentiary significance belongs to the competent authority or court.

For an academic analysis of the valuation process, see Ahmet Dülger’s study on appraisal reports and certificates of conformity in exceptional Turkish citizenship acquisition through real estate.

Ahmet Dülger, İnönü University Law Review, 2025.

X. Can a Genuine Investor Request Court-Ordered Preservation of Evidence?

Articles 400 and following of Turkish Civil Procedure Code No. 6100 regulate preservation of evidence under specified conditions, including before the commencement of a civil lawsuit or during pending proceedings.

Depending on the circumstances, preservation of evidence may involve inspection, expert examination or witness testimony concerning particular facts.

However, the applicant must establish the legal interest required by Article 400.

This requirement may be relevant where evidence could be lost or where presenting it at a later stage may become substantially more difficult.

10.1. Possible Relevance to Real Estate Investment Disputes

Preservation of evidence may be considered where the physical condition of the property could change, construction characteristics may become difficult to establish or technical evidence relevant to a dispute with the seller may be at risk of becoming unavailable.

For example, an investor and a developer may disagree about the property’s represented specifications, construction quality, promised characteristics or historical circumstances affecting value.

Where those facts may be relevant to a contemplated civil action, the conditions for preservation of evidence may require examination.

10.2. Preservation of Evidence Is Not Automatically Available

Merely fearing the possible withdrawal of Turkish citizenship does not necessarily satisfy the statutory requirements for a court-ordered preservation procedure.

The relevant factual issue, legal interest, competent court, potential opposing party and procedural conditions should be identified.

Article 401 addresses jurisdiction and competence, while Article 402 regulates requirements relating to the application and relevant procedural matters.

10.3. Different Procedures Serve Different Purposes

Preservation of evidence should not be treated as a standard or mandatory measure in every citizenship case.

An independent expert opinion, a civil evidence-preservation proceeding, an administrative file examination and a court-appointed expert examination may serve different purposes.

The appropriate mechanism depends on which material fact needs to be established and in which legal proceeding that fact will be relevant.

XI. Does an Evidence Preservation Report Prevent Turkish Citizenship Revocation?

No. Obtaining a court-ordered evidence preservation report does not automatically prevent the cancellation or withdrawal of a Turkish citizenship decision.

Evidence preservation and the administrative termination of nationality belong to different legal frameworks.

A civil court’s arrangement for examining or preserving evidence concerning a particular factual matter does not, by itself, establish through a final judicial ruling that a citizenship acquisition decision was lawful.

Nevertheless, technical findings obtained through lawful procedures may be submitted to administrative authorities or relied upon in other proceedings where the procedural requirements permit.

Their evidentiary significance will depend on the issues in dispute and the manner in which they were obtained.

Expert examination in criminal proceedings is governed by the relevant provisions of Criminal Procedure Code No. 5271, while administrative judicial proceedings are governed by the applicable rules of Administrative Judicial Procedure Law No. 2577 and other relevant provisions.

Accordingly, a civil preservation-of-evidence report is not a mandatory substitute for expert examination conducted in a criminal investigation or administrative lawsuit.

For a genuine investor, the first task is therefore to identify the factual issue requiring proof.

Only then can the appropriate use of independent technical assessment, preservation of evidence, administrative record examination or judicial expert evidence be determined.

XII. Good-Faith Investors, Legitimate Expectations and the Principle of Legal Certainty

The role of Turkish public authorities in citizenship-by-investment procedures extends beyond the issuance of the final naturalisation decision.

Real estate transactions, investment eligibility assessments, certificates of conformity, security checks and citizenship decisions involve a sequence of official procedures.

An investor may have relied upon a valuation report obtained through the authorised system, submitted the required documentation, received an investment certificate of conformity and subsequently acquired Turkish citizenship.

In those circumstances, principles concerning legal certainty, administrative stability, legitimate expectations and trust in official acts may become relevant.

Article 2 of the Turkish Constitution establishes the rule-of-law principle, while Article 66 governs acquisition and loss of Turkish citizenship under statutory conditions.

Where the administration re-examines a previously approved investment years later and reaches a different conclusion, the reasons for that conclusion and the relevant factual evidence should be adequately identified.

Nevertheless, legal certainty does not mean that citizenship must invariably be preserved where the mandatory statutory conditions for acquisition were objectively absent.

Accordingly, the defence of a genuine investor should not depend exclusively on the assertion that the investor trusted official documents.

It should also examine whether the historical investment actually satisfied the applicable legal requirements.

Possible mistakes made during earlier administrative reviews must be distinguished from the investor’s personal declarations and conduct.

The principles of legitimate expectations and legal certainty are therefore relevant to the assessment, but their effects cannot be determined independently of the governing statutory provisions and established facts.

XIII. Council of State Case Law and Judicial Review of Citizenship Withdrawal

An important decision concerning the judicial review of citizenship withdrawal is the judgment of the Council of State, 10th Chamber, dated June 23, 2025, E.2021/279, K.2025/3174.

The dispute did not directly concern property investment or fraudulent real estate appraisal reports.

Instead, it concerned withdrawal under Article 40 of Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901 of citizenship previously acquired through exceptional naturalisation, based on national-security and public-order considerations.

The judicial examination addressed whether the administration’s stated grounds were supported by sufficient factual material, whether those circumstances existed at the relevant time and whether information relied upon in the withdrawal decision had already been known to the administration when the original nationality decision was made.

The Council of State found the contested withdrawal unlawful and annulled the relevant administrative decision.

The judgment was delivered by majority, and the decision expressly indicated the availability of an appeal.

Legal significance: Although the decision does not directly resolve disputes concerning appraisal values, it illustrates the requirement that citizenship withdrawal must be supported by legally sufficient factual grounds and that the administration’s reasoning is subject to judicial examination.

For example, if a new valuation report is prepared in 2026 concerning a property purchased several years earlier, the relevant legal question is whether that report reliably demonstrates that the applicable investment requirements were not fulfilled at the original acquisition date.

The preparation of a new report and legally sufficient proof of historical non-compliance are not the same thing.

Judicial precedents concerning different types of exceptional naturalisation cannot automatically be applied without considering factual and statutory differences.

Decision: Council of State, 10th Chamber, June 23, 2025, E.2021/279, K.2025/3174 – Full Text.

Any later appellate ruling and the finality of the decision should be verified separately when relying upon the judgment in an individual case.

XIV. Do Criminal Investigations and KYOK Decisions Protect Genuine Investors from Citizenship Loss?

Criminal investigations and administrative citizenship reviews have frequently arisen together during the 2026 developments.

However, their objectives and legal requirements differ.

Depending on the allegations, an investor may be examined in connection with suspected document forgery, aggravated fraud or other criminal offences.

Nevertheless, the mere purchase of property from an investigated developer does not establish that the investor personally committed a criminal offence.

Criminal responsibility is personal.

Investigators must assess the conduct alleged against the individual, including any knowing participation in fictitious transactions, preparation or use of forged documents, and other elements required by the relevant criminal provisions.

14.1. Non-Prosecution Decisions (KYOK)

A prosecutor may issue a decision not to prosecute, commonly referred to as KYOK, where the requirements established by criminal procedure are satisfied.

Such a decision may be important to the assessment of the investor’s personal criminal responsibility.

However, it does not necessarily establish that every objective statutory condition for the original citizenship acquisition existed.

14.2. KYOK and Administrative Withdrawal Are Distinct

The fact that a prosecutor concludes that criminal prosecution is not justified does not automatically prevent the administration from examining whether the investment satisfied the legal conditions applicable at the date of naturalisation.

Conversely, the continuation of a criminal investigation does not establish that citizenship has already been lawfully cancelled or withdrawn.

14.3. Evidence May Be Relevant Across Proceedings

Criminal records and financial evidence obtained through lawful procedures may be relevant to a separate administrative citizenship dispute.

However, each proceeding must be assessed according to its own statutory framework, the relevant evidentiary questions and the procedural safeguards applicable to the individual.

Our third article in this series examines the issue in detail: Turkish Citizenship Revocation and Criminal Investigations in 2026: KYOK, Acquittal and Administrative Lawsuits.

XV. Which Lawsuits Can a Genuine Investor File Against Citizenship Cancellation or Withdrawal?

A decision terminating the acquisition of Turkish citizenship constitutes an administrative act subject to judicial review under the applicable legal framework.

Article 7 of Administrative Judicial Procedure Law No. 2577 generally establishes a 60-day filing period for administrative litigation unless a different statutory period applies.

The period generally begins according to the legally applicable rules concerning written notification, but the precise starting date must be examined in each case.

15.1. Identifying the Competent Court

The competent judicial authority depends on the type of administrative decision and the institution that issued it.

A decision cancelling or withdrawing the original citizenship acquisition may need to be distinguished from a separate administrative decision cancelling an investment certificate of conformity.

These acts may differ in their legal character, competent court, evidentiary basis and available remedies.

15.2. Grounds for an Annulment Action

Depending on the case, judicial review may concern whether the administration correctly identified the historical investment threshold, whether it relied upon technically reliable valuation evidence, whether genuine payments were examined and whether the legal basis for cancellation or withdrawal was correctly applied.

The administrative record and the investor’s individual conduct may also require assessment.

15.3. Suspension of Execution

Filing an administrative lawsuit does not normally suspend execution of the contested administrative act.

Under Article 27 of Law No. 2577, suspension of execution may be requested subject to cumulative statutory requirements concerning manifest unlawfulness and harm that would be difficult or impossible to remedy.

The loss of nationality may have serious implications for passports, entry into Türkiye, lawful residence, family life and other legal relationships.

However, those possible consequences do not guarantee the granting of interim judicial relief.

15.4. The Legal Position of Spouses and Children

Article 32 of Turkish Citizenship Law provides for consequences affecting spouses and children who acquired Turkish citizenship dependently through the person whose nationality is cancelled.

However, the legal basis and acquisition date of each family member’s citizenship may require separate consideration.

Children who acquired citizenship by birth may raise different legal questions from family members naturalised together with the principal investor.

XVI. Civil Liability of Property Developers, Sellers and Intermediaries

In some cases, the legal problems arising in a genuine investor’s citizenship file may result from conduct attributed to a seller, developer, broker, adviser or another participant in the transaction.

Where this occurs, the private-law relationship between the investor and those parties must be examined separately.

16.1. Misrepresentations Concerning Citizenship Eligibility

A developer or intermediary may have represented that a property possessed the required value for citizenship purposes.

Alternatively, the investor may allege that the property was sold on the basis of misleading descriptions, concealed material facts or contractual commitments that were not fulfilled.

Depending on the circumstances, questions concerning breach of contract, fraudulent inducement, defective performance or compensation may arise.

16.2. Liability Is Not Automatic

The administrative withdrawal of citizenship does not automatically establish that the seller or developer must compensate the investor.

The contract, representations made, actual damage, applicable fault requirements and causal relationship must be examined.

16.3. Determining the Investor’s Loss

Any potential damages assessment should consider the relevant legal basis, the property’s continuing ownership and market value, the economic consequences of the alleged wrongdoing and the specific heads of loss.

The original purchase price alone does not necessarily represent the recoverable loss.

16.4. Civil Remedies and Administrative Citizenship Proceedings

A private-law claim against a developer or broker must be distinguished from the state’s administrative power concerning nationality.

The two matters may arise from the same underlying facts but involve different parties, legal requirements and remedies.

XVII. Evidence and Defence Strategy for Genuine Foreign Investors

An effective evidentiary review of an investment-based citizenship file should not be limited to the title deed and a single bank receipt.

The relevant documentation must be organised according to the issues actually in dispute.

17.1. Citizenship Acquisition Documents

The original citizenship application, naturalisation decision, certificate of conformity, relevant administrative correspondence and any subsequent official measures should be identified.

17.2. Property Documents

Relevant records may include the title deed, official sales instrument, preliminary sale agreement, contract amendments, historical land registry documents and the appraisal report submitted with the citizenship application.

17.3. Banking and Financial Evidence

Important documents may include certified account statements, SWIFT messages, payment receipts, foreign-exchange purchase records, seller invoices and financial communications concerning the transaction.

17.4. Historical Valuation Evidence

Documents concerning the property’s historic physical condition, completion stage, relevant comparable sales, construction plans and other technical features may be important.

17.5. Communications and Third-Party Representations

Correspondence with the developer, broker, intermediary, appraisal company or previous legal representatives may help establish what information was provided and which actions the investor personally undertook.

17.6. Administrative and Criminal Records

Where lawfully available, administrative decisions, notifications, police records, expert reports and relevant criminal investigation documents should be reviewed.

17.7. Determine the Actual Disputed Issue

After collecting the documents, the fundamental question is which fact is contested.

Is the administration alleging that no genuine payment occurred? Is it disputing the property’s historical market value? Does it question another objective investment requirement? Or does the investigation concern personal misrepresentation by the investor?

The appropriate evidentiary response depends on the answer.

Where the dispute concerns historic property value, a retrospective technical assessment may be essential.

Where the allegation concerns fictitious financial transfers, analysis of the complete banking chain may be more important.

Where personal misconduct is alleged, evidence relating to knowledge, participation, declarations and communications becomes particularly relevant.

Even where no individual citizenship withdrawal decision has been identified, an investor may assess the documents and potential legal risks in advance.

However, the existence, scope and procedural stage of any investigation should be verified through appropriate official channels before drawing definitive conclusions.

XVIII. Conclusion: Genuine Investors Require Proof of Both Economic Reality and Legal Compliance

Cancellation and withdrawal of Turkish citizenship acquired through investment have become important subjects of administrative and nationality-law disputes in 2026.

A central requirement of a legally sound assessment is to distinguish an investor who genuinely completed a transaction from an individual who knowingly participated in a fictitious or fraudulent arrangement.

Nevertheless, the genuine investor’s good faith does not automatically eliminate every possible legal risk.

Article 31 of Turkish Citizenship Law concerns cancellation based on false declarations or concealment of material facts by the individual, while Article 40 addresses withdrawal where the statutory conditions for the original citizenship decision were not fulfilled.

Accordingly, the fact that the investment price was actually paid does not necessarily establish that the property satisfied the historical statutory valuation threshold.

Likewise, the discovery of an inaccurate appraisal does not automatically demonstrate that the investor knew about the error or that the actual historic value of the property was legally insufficient.

Financial evidence establishing the economic reality of the transaction and technical evidence establishing the historical value of the property should therefore be evaluated together.

The applicable legislation, original investment date, objective investment conditions, administrative records, individual conduct and legal grounds of any adverse decision are all essential to the assessment.

Depending on the case, independent expert analysis, objections to official expert reports, preservation of evidence, administrative submissions and judicial proceedings may be appropriate.

The central purpose of legal analysis is not merely to defend the accuracy of the original appraisal report. It is to determine whether the statutory conditions for citizenship actually existed at the relevant date and whether allegations concerning the investor’s personal conduct are supported by sufficient evidence.

Legal certainty and effective enforcement of citizenship legislation are not necessarily competing objectives.

Both require administrative decisions to be lawful, individualised, evidence-based and subject to meaningful judicial review.

Academic References, Legislation and Judicial Decisions

1. Turkish Citizenship Law No. 5901. Particularly Articles 12, 31, 32, 40 and 41. Official statutory text.
2. Regulation on the Implementation of the Turkish Citizenship Law. Particularly Articles 20 and 66, together with the rules applicable on the date of the original investment.
3. General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Citizenship through real estate acquisition, investment threshold verification, valuation procedures and Circular No. 2024/4. Official information.
4. Özgür, Çiçek. “Yatırım Yoluyla Kazanılan Türk Vatandaşlığının İptali ve Geri Alınması” [Annulment and Withdrawal of Turkish Citizenship Acquired Through Investment]. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2026, pp. 741–779. DOI: 10.33629/auhfd.1710185.
5. Dülger, Ahmet. “Taşınmaz Satın Alınmasıyla Türk Vatandaşlığının İstisnai Yoldan Kazanılmasında Değerleme Raporu ve Uygunluk Belgesi Alınması” [Valuation Reports and Certificates of Conformity in Exceptional Turkish Citizenship Acquisition Through Property Purchase]. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2025, pp. 167–180. DOI: 10.21492/inuhfd.1600688.
6. Council of State, 10th Chamber. Judgment dated June 23, 2025, E.2021/279, K.2025/3174. Judicial review of the factual and legal basis for withdrawal of exceptional naturalisation. Full decision.
7. Civil Procedure Code No. 6100. Particularly Articles 400–403 concerning preservation of evidence.
8. Administrative Judicial Procedure Law No. 2577. Particularly Articles 7 and 27 concerning filing deadlines and suspension of execution. Statutory text.
9. Ministry of Interior, September 21, 2026. Officially reported figures concerning cancellation and withdrawal of citizenship decisions acquired through investment. TRT Haber coverage of the official statement.

Research Methodology: This article distinguishes legal requirements, administrative decisions, allegations arising from criminal investigations and technical questions requiring expert evidence. Neither a press statement nor an expert opinion is treated as automatically determining the legal status of a particular investor.

Related Publications by Dolğun Akademi

Our Five-Part Turkish Citizenship Series

1. Turkish Citizenship Revocations in 2026: Official Figures and International Media Coverage.
2. Has My Turkish Citizenship Been Cancelled? Official Records, Notification, Passports and Legal Remedies.
3. Turkish Citizenship Revocation and Criminal Investigations: KYOK, Acquittal and Administrative Litigation.
4. Can a Genuine Investor Lose Turkish Citizenship? Property Valuations, Banking Evidence and Judicial Protection. This article.
5. Turkish Citizenship by Investment in 2026: Requirements, Legal Safeguards and Risks.

Earlier Academic and Legal Research

September 19, 2026 – Cancellation and Withdrawal of Turkish Citizenship Acquired Through Investment.

September 26, 2026 – The Turkish Citizenship Investigation Concerning 1,070 Individuals.

September 28, 2026 – New Valuations, Investment Shortfalls, Families, Children and Investigated Construction Companies.

October 8, 2026 – Turkish Citizenship Revocation: Recent Developments and Administrative Lawsuits.